Ubani ngempela othole udumo lokuba “umdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo”? Umbuzo ubonakala ulula, kodwa umlando wemidlalo yevidiyo uqala phakathi kokusungulwa kwesayensi, izincazelo zobuchwepheshe, ama-prototypes e-analog, kanye nezingxabano zomthetho. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ngokushesha nge-Pac-Man noma i-Super Mario, kanti abanye bakhomba kalula ku-Pong; nokho, imvelaphi ingalandelwa emuva emalabhorethri, emanyuvesi, kanye nasemibukiso yezobuchwepheshe lapho kwazalelwa khona amaphayona eqiniso.
Kulolu hambo, sihlose ukucacisa izindlela zokuhlola nokuhlola, ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngaphandle kwezinganekwane, konke kusukela ekuhlolweni kwe-cathode ray tube kuya kuma-consoles okuqala asekhaya, okuhlanganisa ama-coin-ops eminyaka yama-70, ukukhuphuka kwezinhlelo ze-8- kanye ne-16-bit, ukugxuma ku-3D, kanye nokukhula kwemidlalo eku-inthanethi . Uzobona ukuthi kungani kunezimpendulo eziningana ezingaba khona zokuthi "kwakuyini umdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo" nokuthi kanjani, kuye ngencazelo, ophumelele uyashintsha.
Sisho ukuthini ngokuthi “umdlalo wevidiyo”?
Igama elithi “umdlalo wevidiyo” lishintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: ngokomlando, isiqalo esithi “ividiyo” sasihlotshaniswa nezibonisi ze-raster kanye nezibonakaliso zevidiyo; namuhla sihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezikrini. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izazi-mlando eziningi zikhetha ukukhuluma “ngemidlalo yedijithali.” Lo mehluko awubandakanyi abanye abasunguli be-analog , okuthi, nakuba besebenzisana, abazange badlulise isignali yevidiyo yendabuko.
Ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, amashumi eminyaka kwakuphikiswana ngokuthi ukuze kubhekwe "njengomdlalo wevidiyo," uhlelo kwakudingeka lulawule isignali yevidiyo bese luyithumela kuthelevishini noma ku-raster monitor. Lokhu kuhumusha kwaze kwathonya ngisho nezingxabano zamalungelo obunikazi ezihilela uRalph Baer, kuchaza ukuthi yini eyawela ngaphansi kwesigaba "somdlalo wevidiyo."
Uma sandisa ukugxila kwethu ukuze sifake "imidlalo ye-elekthronikhi esebenzisanayo," abantu abaningi abazongenela umugqa wesikhathi; uma sisebenzisa umbandela oqinile wesiginali yevidiyo ye-raster, eminye imidlalo yaselabhorethri yakudala ayifakwanga . Lona umsuka wezingxoxo eziningi.
Amaphayona ngaphambi kokuba igama libe khona (40s and 50s)
Ngo-1947, i-Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device, umsebenzi kaThomas T. Goldsmith Jr. no-Estle Ray Mann, yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi. Kwakuyi-missile simulator eyayithembele kumjikelezo we-analog ukulawula ugongolo lwethubhu futhi isebenzisa izimbozo zesikrini kuma-target; kwakungeyona yedijithali, kodwa yayisebenzisana futhi ibonwa . Yisihloko esidala kunazo zonke esaziwayo esinomoya ofana nomdlalo kanye nokusekelwa kwe-elekthronikhi.
Ngo-1951, uFerranti wethula ikhompyutha kaNimrod eMkhosini waseBrithani. Yaklanywa ukudlala iNim isebenzisa iphaneli yokukhanya, ayizange ibonise ihluzo "zevidiyo", kodwa yayiyimishini yokuqala eyakhelwe ngqo ukudlala umdlalo. Njengoba yayiwumshini wokuqala, nakuba yayingenaso isikrini sendabuko , yayingasebenzisa kokubili izinhlobo zakudala neziguquliwe zomdlalo.
Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1952, u-Alexander S. Douglas wasungula i-OXO (Noughts and Crosses) ye-EDSAC eCambridge. Yayibonisa igridi ye-tic-tac-toe esikrinini futhi yayisetshenziswa ngocingo. I-OXO ivame ukubizwa njengomdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo wekhompyutha onesikrini sedijithali , okubalulekile uma sibeka phambili umbandela "wokubonisa okubonakalayo" okulawulwa uhlelo.
Ngo-1958, uWilliam Higinbotham waklama iTennis for Two yendlu evulekile yaseBrookhaven National Laboratory. Besebenzisa ikhompyutha ye-analog kanye ne-oscilloscope, abantu ababili balungisa ama-knobs ukuze balingise i-rally. Kwakuyinkanyezi yombukiso, kunemigqa okufanele idlalwe, futhi kwabonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kungaba ukuzijabulisa okumsulwa. Yahlakazwa ngemva kombukiso, kodwa yashiya uphawu olukhulu.
Futhi ngawo-50, amagama anjengo-Alan Turing noClaude Shannon avela ekulandiseni nge-AI kanye nemidlalo yekhompyutha. I-"Playing Chess" yakuqala ivame ukukhulunywa ngayo njengokubonakaliswa komqondo wokudlala ngokumelene nomshini, isigaba esabeka isisekelo somqondo wokuxhumana okudlalwayo nama-algorithms , yize le mizamo ingazange ivele njalo ezinhlelweni zamavidiyo zasekhaya noma zezentengiselwano.
Ukuhlolwa kwenyuvesi kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo esiqondile
Phakathi kuka-1959 no-1961, e-MIT, ikhompyutha yokuhlola i-TX-0 yasetshenziswa ukudala i-Mouse in the Maze kanye ne-Tic-Tac-Toe, zombili zilawulwa ngepeni elikhanyayo. Kumdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo, abasebenzisi babeka izindonga kanye "noshizi" (ngisho nezibuko ze-martini kwezinye izinguqulo) ukuze inkomba yegundane ihambe. Kwakuwukuxhumana okuqondile, okudala, kanye nokunemifanekiso okwakubikezela okwakuzokwenzeka.
Ngo-1961, uMartin Graetz, uSteve Russell, noWayne Wiitanen bakhipha i-Spacewar! ku-DEC PDP-1. Imikhumbi-mkhathi emibili yalwa esikhaleni ngaphansi kwamandla adonsela phansi ngesikhathi sangempela. Yayingomunye wabadubuli bokuqala futhi yasakazeka phakathi kwamalebhu. Ochwepheshe be-DEC bayisebenzise "njengokuhlolwa kwentuthu" yehadiwe , futhi abahleli abaningi baphefumulelwa yiyo ukudala imidlalo yabo.
Ukusuka elabhorethri kuya egumbini lokuphumula futhi kusukela egumbini lokuphumula kuya ekhaya (sekwephuzile 60s kanye 70s ekuqaleni)
URalph Baer, ephinda abukeze umqondo ka-1951, wafinyelela ama-prototypes ngo-1967 akhiqiza isignali yevidiyo ngokulawula ithelevishini yasekhaya. I-"Brown Box" edumile yaqina kwi-Magnavox Odyssey, eyasungulwa ngo-1972, yayibhekwa njengekhonsoli yokuqala yasekhaya, futhi namuhla izihloko zayo zigcinwa ngama -emulator emidlalo yevidiyo yakudala . Okokugcina, imidlalo yasekhaya ngaphandle kwekhompyutha yezimboni , futhi inamathela ngokuqinile kumbandela "wevidiyo".
Ngo-1971, uBill Pitts noHugh Tuck bakha iGalaxy Game eStanford nge-PDP-11/20, umdlalo wevidiyo wekhompyutha wokuqala oqhutshwa ngohlamvu lwemali, yize kwakhiqizwa amayunithi ambalwa kakhulu. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, i-Computer Space, kaNolan Bushnell noTed Dabney, yavela, umdlalo wevidiyo wokuqala oqhutshwa ngohlamvu lwemali otholakala kwezentengiso , oguqula umoya we-Spacewar! esikrinini sevidiyo esine-TV efakwe kwikhabhinethi.
Ngo-1972, i-Atari yadumisa i-Pong, umdlalo we-electronic we-table tennis onezipikili kanye "nebhola eligxumayo." Impumelelo yayo yayishesha, futhi yaba uphawu lwezamasiko. Nakuba yafika ngemuva kwe-Computer Space kanye ne-Odyssey, i-Pong ivame ukubhekwa njengempumelelo yokuqala enkulu kwezentengiselwano , leyo eyasungula ngempela imboni.
Ama-cloni okuqala, ihadiwe ehlukahlukene, nezingxabano zelungelo lobunikazi
IYurophu ibone izinhlelo zayo eziphefumulelwe yiPong zivela. I-VideoSport MK2 yayingenye yazo zokuqala ezwenikazi, ngokusekelwe kumasekethe e-analog anebhodi elihlanganisa ama-chip amabili namasango amane e-NAND. Yavumela ithenisi, ibhola lezinyawo, kanye "nembobo odongeni," ngezithombe ezisekelwe kumugqa. Ihadiwe ethobekile kodwa ehlakaniphile yesikhathi sayo.
EJalimane, i-Interton Video 2001 yayinezingcezu ze-CMOS ezingu-14 ezazikwazi ukudweba izinto eziyisisekelo futhi zikhiqize imiphumela yomsindo. Yayihlanganisa imidlalo efana ne-Car Race kanye ne-Naval Battle. Kwakuyisistimu ethuthuke ngendlela emangalisayo phakathi kokuthanda kwe-Pong.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1975, iPhilips yethule uhlelo olune-Pong cartridges kanye ne-semi-analog circuitry ene-CMOS integrated circuits; abalawuli bayo basebenzisa ama-potentiometer aqondile angajwayelekile. Ngaphandle kobusha babo bobuchwepheshe, le mishini yaqinisa imboni yemidlalo yasekhaya ngaphambi kwesikhathi sama-microprocessor azinikele.
Phakathi kuka-1970 no-1980, uRalph Baer wayehileleke ezimpini zomthetho ezazichaza umdlalo wevidiyo, ngezinjongo zobunikazi, njengedivayisi ekhiqiza futhi ilawule isignali yevidiyo kudivayisi yokuskena (ithelevishini noma imonitha). Imidlalo yangaphambilini engenasignali yevidiyo ye-raster yayingafakwanga yileli zinga , okuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani owayengowokuqala.
Inkulumompikiswano: Yayiyini “umdlalo wevidiyo wokuqala”?
Uma sisebenzisa izincazelo ezibanzi, kunezimbangi eziningana. I-Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device (1947) iyona endala kunazo zonke; i-OXO (1952) yethula umbukiso wezithombe wedijithali; i-Tennis for Two (1958) yathumba abadlali ababili ngesikhathi sangempela; kanye ne-Spacewar! (1961) iyimbewu yesenzo sokuncintisana sanamuhla . Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe, isihlalo sobukhosi siyajikeleza.
Kunezibonelo ezingaziwa kakhulu kodwa ezinethonya, njengeBertie the Brain (1950), uhlelo olukhulu lwe-tic-tac-toe oluboniswe eCanada, olunikeze ngisho namazinga amaningi obunzima. Kungabonakala njengesibonelo sokuqala se-"AI" edlalwayo, yize abaningi abashisekeli be-purifu bengalubeki esigabeni "somdlalo wevidiyo" ngokuqinile.
Isithombe sikaWilliam Higinbotham siyathakazelisa futhi: owayengusomabhizinisi wephrojekthi yokuqala yebhomu le-athomu kanye nelungu elisungule i-Federation of American Scientists, wadala i-Tennis for Two ukuze abonise ukuthi isayensi ingakhuthaza futhi ijabulise. Umsebenzi wakhe wagcwalisa kakhulu umgomo wawo , yize kamuva wahlakazwa futhi wahlala ungacacile kwaze kwaba yilapho izazi-mlando ziwuthola kabusha.
Enkundleni yezentengiselwano, i-Computer Space yayiwumdlalo wokuqala oqhutshwa ngohlamvu lwemali owafika ngempela emakethe, kanti i-Pong yayiwumdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo owaba yinto enkulu. Uma sibheka futhi "ubaba" wemidlalo yasekhaya, igama elithi Ralph H. Baer livela ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa ye-Odyssey. Ukukhetha "owokuqala" kuncike kumongo: wezobuchwepheshe, womlando, noma wezohwebo.
Ama-arcade, amaphuzu kanye nokuncintisana: i-social craze
Ngokuvela kwePong kanye nezinhlobo zayo, iminyaka yawo-70 yangenisa inkathi yegolide yama-arcade. I-Space Invaders (1978) kanye ne-Pac-Man (1980) zanda kakhulu ngenxa yezindlela zazo ezilula neziluthayo. Imishini yayigcina amaphuzu aphezulu ngezinhlamvu zokuqala, ivuselela ukuncintisana kanye nomoya wokuncintisana esiwuhlanganisa manje nemidlalo ye-esports.
Ngo-1971, esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile: I-Computer Space yazisungula njengomdlalo wokuqala we-arcade wezohwebo, kwathi ngo-1972 i-Atari yakha imboni entsha. Leyo minyaka eyishumi yabona nokukhishwa komdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo waseSpain, i-Fútbol (1976), ngaphakathi kwesimo esisafufusa. Isiko le-arcade ladala izenzakalo zomhlaba wonke futhi ladala umphakathi ozungeze inselele kanye nesimo sengqondo "sokuncoma okunye".
Kusukela egumbini lokuphumula kuya kusofa: 8-bit, 16-bit nokunye okwengeziwe
Imakethe yamakhonsoli asekhaya yaqina ngawo-80: I-Nintendo ne-SEGA zahola indlela nge-NES kanye ne-Master System, zinikeza umbala, umsindo othuthukisiwe, kanye nama-franchise angaphelelwa yisikhathi njenge-Super Mario Bros., i-The Legend of Zelda, kanye ne-Sonic. Amakhonsoli awazange akhule nje kuphela emandleni; achaza izithonjana zamasiko kanye nezinhlobo eziphelele.
Ishumi leminyaka labona izithonjana zangempela: uPac-Man, uDonkey Kong, uTetris, uSuper Mario Bros., kanye neThe Legend of Zelda. Kwabaningi, kwakuyi-"golden age". Imidlalo yevidiyo yashintsha yaba yinto edlulayo yaba yinto yokuzilibazisa ezinzile , enamakhathalogi ahlukahlukene futhi anezifiso eziningi.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80 nasekuqaleni kwawo-90, kwafika isizukulwane sama-bit angu-16: iMega Drive, iSuper Nintendo, iPC Engine/TurboGrafx, kanye neCapcom's curious CPS Changer. I-Neo Geo yayinikeza amandla afana nama-arcade, yize ngentengo ephakeme kakhulu. Ama-CD-ROM athola ukuthandwa, futhi izinhlobo zanda ngenxa yamakhono amakhulu obuchwepheshe.
Ukugxumela ku-3D kanye ne-bit war
Ku-PC, ekuqaleni kwawo-90, isitayela se-"2D" se-Doom, i-3D ephelele ye-4D Boxing, kanye nezizinda ze-3D ezidwetshwe ngaphambilini ze-Alone in the Dark konke kwaqala. Kuma-console, i-SNES yacindezela imingcele yokwenziwa ngaphambilini ngobuchwepheshe be-SGI ku-Donkey Kong Country kanye ne-Killer Instinct, kuyilapho i-Mega Drive imangaze wonke umuntu nge-Virtua Racing nama-polygon ayo , ivula indlela ye-3D egumbini lokuphumula.
Imakethe yasheshe yabuswa yi-3D ngenxa ye-32-bit PlayStation kanye ne-Saturn, kanye ne-64-bit Nintendo 64 (ne-Atari Jaguar encintisana ngokuzimela). Ku-PC, ama-accelerator e-3D ashintshe umdlalo. I-Sony yangena emakethe ngemuva kokuthi iphrojekthi ehlangene ye-SNES PlayStation ne-Nintendo iwe ; lapho idrayivu ye-CD-ROM yenqatshwa, i-Sony yaqala ikhonsoli yayo futhi yaba yinto edumile.
Njengoba ama-consoles asekhaya ethola amandla, ama-arcade aqala ukwehla kancane kodwa kancane kancane. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-handheld aqala ngempela ne-Game Boy , ebhekene nabancintisana nabo njenge-Game Gear, i-Lynx, ne-Neo Geo Pocket. Umndeni wakwa-Game Boy (i-Pocket, i-Color, i-Advance, i-SP) ubulokhu ulawula imakethe iminyaka eminingi.
Late 90s: console impumelelo kanye PC revolution
Ikhonsoli ethandwa kakhulu ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi kwakuyi-PlayStation, enezihloko ezinethonya njenge-Final Fantasy VII, i-Resident Evil, i-Winning Eleven 4, i-Gran Turismo, kanye ne-Metal Gear Solid. Ukukhiqizwa kwemidlalo ye-AAA yesimanje kwahlanganiswa , futhi imidlalo yevidiyo yathatha igxathu eliya phambili kokubili ezicini zokulandisa kanye nezobuchwepheshe.
Ku-PC, ama-first-person shooters (FPS) akhazimula nge-Quake, i-Unreal, kanye ne-Half-Life, kuyilapho imidlalo yesu yangempela (RTS) efana ne-Command & Conquer kanye ne-StarCraft ibeka indinganiso. Ngokukhula kwe-inthanethi, abadlali abaningi abaku-inthanethi bathola ukuthandwa, futhi ama-MMORPG azalwa nge-Ultima Online. Ngo-1998, i-Dreamcast yakhishwa , ngokomfanekiso iphawula ukuqala kwesizukulwane sama-bit angu-128.
Abazali, amagama afanele, nezindlela ezintsha zokudlala
Kwabaningi, uRalph H. Baer "unguyise wemidlalo yevidiyo" ngokubayisa egumbini lokuphumula ne-Odyssey. UNolan Bushnell, ohola i-Atari, ubalulekile ekuqondeni ibhizinisi le-arcade kanye nokukhanga kwalo okukhulu. Bobabili bahola izinsika ezihambisanayo ezachaza indlela esiyazi ngayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwafika amagagasi amasha: i-Nintendo Wii yathandwa kakhulu; i-Sony ne-Microsoft bangene empini ne-PlayStation ne-Xbox; i-SEGA yashiya ihadiwe ukuze igxile kusofthiwe. Namuhla, ama-consoles, ama-PC, namadivayisi eselula ahambisana, ngokusakaza, i-VR, kanye ne-AI kwandisa imingcele yesipiliyoni.
Ngokuphathelene nokuthengisa, iMinecraft idlule amakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-300 ngenxa yenkululeko yayo ephelele, kanti iTetris, okuhlanganisa nezinguqulo ezisemthethweni, idlule izigidi ezingu-500, okuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono elula kodwa ehlakaniphile ihlala amashumi eminyaka . Ukwehlukahluka kwamanje kusekelwe kulezo zibonelo zelebhu kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini eyaqala konke.
Amanye ama-nuances omlando okungafanele aphuthelwe
Phakathi kwemidlalo yokuqala, iFox and Hounds (1966) nayo iyavela, ihlotshaniswa nentuthuko kaRalph Baer kanye nabalingani njengengxenye yezibonelo zabo zemidlalo yethelevishini. Ngaphandle kokunemba kwamanye amakhredithi ashiwo emithonjeni ethandwayo, okubalulekile ukuthi lezi zivivinyo zavula kanjani indlela ye-Odyssey , okubonisa ukuthi ithelevishini yasekhaya ingaba yipulatifomu yokudlala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvame ukushiwo ngephutha ukuthi i-Computer Space "yayiyikhompyutha yokuqala yasekhaya"; empeleni, yayiwumshini we-arcade. Lokhu kudideka kuyaqondakala uma kubhekwa isikhathi lapho umngcele phakathi kokuhlola, ikhabhinethi ye-arcade, kanye nomkhiqizo wasekhaya wawusachazwa.
Okokugcina, izinhlelo zemfundo zamanje zibonisa ukuthi ifa lalabo basunguli lidlulela ngale kwemidlalo: ukufunda ukuklama nokuhlela imidlalo ye-2D noma ye-3D manje sekuyindlela efinyelelekayo kunoma ubani. Imbewu yelebhu ikhule yaba ulimi lokudala lomhlaba wonke , kanye nezinkulungwane zabathuthukisi kanye nemiphakathi ebelana ngolwazi.
Uma ubheka konke okungenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi “elokuqala” akulona igama elilodwa, kodwa iqoqo lezinyathelo ezibalulekile ezincike ezicinisweni: idivayisi ye-analog endala (CRT kusukela ngo-1947), umdlalo wokuqala wesithombe sedijithali (OXO), ukuzijabulisa kokuqala kwenqwaba yabadlali abaningi endaweni enobulungiswa (Ithenisi Yababili), uhlamvu lwemali lwezohwebo lokuqala olutholakala kabanzi (I-Computer Space) i-console yokuqala ye-Pong (ikhonsoli yokuqala yomhlaba wonke), i-Pong global).
Zonke zinegalelo ekuchazeni indlela esishintshe ngayo kusukela kuma-radar nama-oscilloscopes saya emazweni avulekile, amabhodi wabaphambili, ihluzo ze-16-bit, i-3D, imidlalo eku-inthanethi, kanye namaqiniso ajulile ; uhambo lapho ubuchwepheshe, ubuciko, kanye nesifiso sokudlala kuhlangana khona ukuze kuguqulwe imidlalo yevidiyo ibe enye yezimboni ezinethonya elikhulu emhlabeni. Yabelana ngale ndaba yomdlalo wokuqala wevidiyo emhlabeni, futhi abantu abaningi bazofunda ngawo.